Category AI

Innovation and Balance: Submission to the Government of Canada’s Consultation on Copyright, AI, and IoT

[Liwah Keller and Yuan Stevens] CIPPIC is a public interest clinic that specializes in technology law. Our goal is to advocate in the public interest for policy that promotes innovation, encourages respect for human rights, and responds to the needs of the wider public. These principles underlie the following recommendations that we offer in this submission: 1. Refrain from introducing laws that attribute authorship to AI or determine how authorship should be assigned for AI-assisted works until there is a clear and pressing need... 2. Develop a cohesive approach to liability for infringing activities that involve the use of an AI and provide an exception or safe harbour for text and data mining (“TDM”) within certain parameters... 3. Amend the prohibition on TPM circumvention to allow circumvention for uses that do not infringe upon copyright and expand the current exceptions to the prohibition.

Submission to Canadian Government Consultation on a Modern Copyright Framework for AI and the Internet of Things

[Sean Flynn, Lucie Guibault, Christian Handke, Joan-Josep Vallbé, Michael Palmedo, Carys J. Craig, Michael Geist, and João Quintais] We are grateful for the opportunity to participate in the Canadian Government’s consultation on a modern copyright framework for AI and the Internet of Things. Below, we present some of our research findings relating to the importance of flexibility in copyright law to permit text and data mining (“TDM”). As the consultation paper recognizes, TDM is a critical element of artificial intelligence. Our research supports the adoption of a specific exception for uses of works in TDM to supplement Canada’s existing general fair dealing exception.

Text and Data Mining Exception in South America: A Way to Foster AI Development in the Region

[Matías Jackson Bertón] Abstract: In 2015, authors wondered if Europe was falling behind in the artificial intelligence (AI) race because of the lack of a text and data mining (TDM) exception. What can then be said for South America? Copyright regimes and their interaction with the development of digital technologies in this continent have been overlooked by authors. This paper intends to start filling this gap by mapping the current state of copyright exceptions that serve computational analysis in South America. After reviewing the copyright regimes of the five largest economies of the region (i.e. Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Colombia and Peru), I concluded that they are not prepared for digital research techniques such as text and data mining.

Artificial Intelligence and Intellectual Property Law – Position Statement of the Max Planck Institute for Innovation and Competition of 9 April 2021 on the Current Debate

[Josef Drexl, Reto Hilty Luc Desaunettes-Barbero, Jure Globocnik, Begoña Gonzalez Otero, Jörg Hoffmann, Daria Kim, Shraddha Kulhari, Heiko Richter, Stefan Scheuerer, Peter R. Slowinski, and Klaus Wiedemann] Abstract: This Position Statement presents a broad overview of issues arising at the intersection of AI and IP law based on the work of the Max Planck Institute for Innovation and Competition research group on Regulation of the Digital Economy. While the analysis is approached mainly from a perspective de lege lata, it also identifies questions which require further reflection de lege ferenda supported by in-depth interdisciplinary research. The scope is confined to substantive European IP law, in particular, as regards copyright, patents, designs, databases and trade secrets.

TRIPS Meets Big Data

[Daniel J. Gervais] Abstract: The WTO has begun its work on the interface between Big Data and trade law, including the TRIPS Agreement. After defining Big Data, this paper explores how TRIPS and especially the copyright section might apply. It also discusses briefly the EU database right and then considers how an exception for Text and Data Mining (TDM) might be analyzed under TRIPS and the three-step test.

The Temporary WTO Waiver to Fight COVID Must Include Copyright

[Sean Flynn] Over 250 organizations, prominent researchers, and experts support South Africa and India’s recent proposal to temporarily waive World Trade Organization (WTO) rules on intellectual property — including copyright — for the “prevention, containment and treatment of COVID-19.”... Most of the public debate on the proposal focuses on patent barriers to the production of generic versions of vaccines. Some commenters have proposed a way forward by dropping the non-patent issues. Research by the Program on Information Justice and Intellectual Property (PIJIP) helps demonstrate why the inclusion of copyright in the waiver is needed. One reason the existing TRIPS “flexibilities” for countries to issue compulsory licensing for patents is not adequate to scale up vaccine and treatment production around the world is that patents are not the only barrier. Access to industrial designs, undisclosed information and, yes, copyright is also often necessary.

Call for Research Proposals

The Academic Network on the Right to Research in International Copyright is calling for research relevant to the development of global norms on copyright policy in its application to research. Text and data mining research, for example, is contributing insights to respond to urgent social problems, from combatting COVID to monitoring hate speech and disinformation on social media. Other technologies make it possible to access the materials of libraries, archives and museums from afar - an especially necessary activity during the COVID pandemic. But these and other research activities may require reproduction and sharing of copyright protected works, including across borders. There is a lack of global norms for such activities, which may contribute to uncertainty and apprehension, inhibiting research projects and collaborations. We seek to partner with researchers interested in exploring the means and ends of recognizing a “right to research” in international copyright law. In our initial conception, there are at least three overlapping dimensions to the concept.

Ensuring the Visibility and Accessibility of European Creative Content on the World Market: The Need for Copyright Data Improvement in the Light of New Technologies

[Martin Senftleben, Thomas Margoni, Daniel Antal, Balázs Bodó, Stef van Gompel, Christian Handke, Martin Kretschmer, Joost Poort, João Quintais and Sebastian Felix Schwemer] Abstract: In the European Strategy for Data, the European Commission highlighted the EU’s ambition to acquire a leading role in the data economy. At the same time, the Commission conceded that the EU would have to increase its pools of quality data available for use and re-use. In the creative industries, this need for enhanced data quality and interoperability is particularly strong. Without data improvement, unprecedented opportunities for monetising the wide variety of EU creative and making this content available for new technologies, such as artificial intelligence training systems, will most probably be lost.

Australian Copyright Law Impedes the Development of Artificial Intelligence: What Are the Options?

[Rita Matulionyte] Abstract: Artificial Intelligence (AI) is an emerging technology that has a huge potential in contributing to the Australian economy and addressing economic and social problems in society. However, Australian copyright laws are likely to impede the development of AI, and machine learning in particular, by requiring authorization every time when copyrighted content is used in machine learning processes.

A Taxonomy of Training Data: Disentangling the Mismatched Rights, Remedies, and Rationales for Restricting Machine Learning

[Benjamin Sobel] Abstract: This chapter addresses a crucial problem in artificial intelligence: many applications of machine learning depend on unauthorized uses of copyrighted data. Scholars and lawmakers often articulate this problem as a deficiency in copyright’s exceptions and limitations, reasoning that legal uncertainties surrounding today’s AI stem from the lack of a clear exception or limitation, and that such an exception or limitation could resolve the current predicament. In fact, the current predicament is a product of two systemic features of the copyright regime — the absence of formalities and the low threshold of copyright-able originality — combined with a technological environment that turns routine activities into acts of authorship. Equilibrating the economy for human expression in the AI age requires a solution that focuses not only on exceptions to existing copyrights, but also on the aforementioned doctrinal features that determine the ownership and scope of copyright entitlements at their inception.

The Right to Process Data for Machine Learning Purposes in the EU

[Mauritz Kop] Abstract: Europe is now at a crucial juncture in deciding how to deploy data driven technologies in ways that encourage democracy, prosperity and the well-being of European citizens. Normative preferences about how related technology laws ought to be designed should define sustainable exponential innovation policy. These preferences are dynamic and contextual. The upcoming European Data Act provides a major window of opportunity to change the story. In this respect, it is key that the European Commission takes firm action, removes overbearing policy and regulatory obstacles, strenuously harmonizes relevant legislation and provides concrete incentives and mechanisms for access, sharing and re-use of data. The article argues that to ensure an efficiently functioning European data-driven economy, a new and as yet unused term must be introduced to the field of AI & law: the right to process data for machine learning purposes.

COVID and Copyright – The Right to Research

[Teresa Hackett] In Part II of this two-part blog, EIFL Copyright and Libraries Programme Manager Teresa Hackett examines how the COVID-19 pandemic has highlighted the importance of the right to research through two key issues, text and data mining and digital preservation by cultural heritage institutions, and how WIPO’s proven formula could address the issues. In Part 1 of the blog, we looked at the immediate challenges the COVID-19 pandemic posed for the copyright and licensing framework as education moved online.